There are various places around the world which forms the energy grid or the area where the earth produces the energy. Long back around 1920 Tesla lit up the whole such area with the help of earth’s energy. There are many such earth energy fields and are also termed as the earth energy grid. I really feel that once the scientist came to know about it then they were really quiet eager to utilize such area for various purposes.

However I really feel that the earth energy grids are really some of the areas which can turn out to be very useful for the scientists. Almost all the major companies have got the churches, hospitals and monuments build in such areas. Even the government has the hidden bases in such areas.

The reason behind giving such importance to that region is quiet simple and that is they are the energy centers of the earth. We all know that the earth has its own magnetic field. It was Newton who discovered the gravitation energy of the earth but afterwards at the start of the 20th century Tesla who has done lots of good work in the field of electrical engineering had some other ideas. He was able to light up the entire area surrounding one of such electrical grid.  And I really feel that this was one of the major breaks through in the field of engineering and science.

With this discovery the idea about the leylines also changed. We thought that the series of monuments which were found to be present in one single straight line was due to the navigation benefit. But the science suggests that there is some other theory behind this practice. Most of those monuments are situated at the energy grid areas. And after the discovery of the earth’s magnetic field which is now a 500 years old theory, all the feelings and theories about the leylines also changed.

Now the people around the world have to witness just an opposite meaning of the energy grid. You can draw the energy grids with the help of the straight lines just like the magnetic lines of forces with the help of the magnetic needle.

The science reveals that if you know about the magnetic field then you can also know about the electric field with the rules like the right hand thumb rules and the also some advanced concept of physics.

However the how correct these laws come out to be is quiet clear and it is really quiet a happy sign that all the laws are able to calculate the energy grids at the right area. Hence I would just say that there are lots of works to be done in the field of earth energy fields.

The concept of the leyline enigma has really turned out to be a puzzle which requires lots of research to be proved. According to the Watkins who is considered to be the first person to put forward the concept of the ley, it is a series of historical monuments like palaces, Stonehenge, churches etc lying in one straight line when experienced. The minimum requirement for the monuments to come under the leyline is that three such monuments should come under a straight line. If this condition is found then the leyline is supposed to happen.

The question arises why it is an enigma then. I must tell you that it is a sort of puzzle which is yet required to be solved and the word enigma means puzzle. That is why we call it a leyline enigma.

The other question which is put up by everybody who is associated with the leyline is that what this really reveals. According to Watkins there can be many reasons for this and I must tell you that UFO is also one of the reasons. Isn’t it sounding interesting? Yes, the topic of leyline is so interesting that the children just love learning new things about it.

Some thinks that these leylines marks the invisible energy line. Some think that they are just the markups of the navigation lines and some think that it might be the UFO. There are many reasons for this but I really like the navigation fundamental. There are many reasons that this turns out to be the real one for me.

The explorers of the old periods used to move from one place to another in search of new places. Wherever they went they used to make some of there really great monuments. Some of the monuments are churches, palaces, grave yards, Stonehenge and so on.

I really feel that all of this really turns out to be the ingredients of a story which can really turn out to be a very interesting one. But it will be a story which is still a puzzle. I still feel that the puzzle needs lots of efforts to be solved. If you will see these spots clearly and with lots of concentration then on many occasions you will find out that the monuments which are one the straight line were built in the same era. The question still arises that what was the connection between all those builders and what they really thought or from where they got the idea of such navigation marks.

However the concept of the UFO is also not discarded and I really feel that the puzzle is still wide open for someone to come forward and solve it.

Earth has many energy lines. This concept is not only known in the Western Europe but the other parts of the worlds as well. The aborigine’s culture of the Europe felt that these was quiet true and believed in the earths energy lines. However they call it song lines. It was also believed in Peru and people out there were quiet interested in these energy lines. They used to call it Nasca lines. China was also not far behind and they used to call it the Feng shui. Actually they found a relation between these energy lines and the acupuncture techniques which they used to follows.

According to the studies of the two great scientists Alexander Thom and the Gerald Hawkins the people of the Neolithic period had a very good knowledge of the astrology as well as mathematics and engineering principles. They really thought that those people had the idea about the universe and what was really going around them. The perfect example which proves the knowledge of the Neolithic peoples is the Stonehenge. It is now the belief of almost all the scientists that the Stonehenge clearly marks the setting and rising of the sun and the moon. This is really one of the strongest proofs about the talent of the Neolithic period.

It was in the year 1936 that one of the dowser whose name was Dion Fortune put forward the concept of the energy lines in front of the world. He was supported by many personalities. In 1978 one of the dowsers whose name was tom graves came up with the news that he has found two sites which explains the existence of the earth energy lines.

All these point proved that there was a good knowledge existing among the peoples of the Neolithic age about the earth energy lines. They all felt that these monuments were the perfect example of their knowledge.

Many people have since then come up with their theories but all of them went in vain. I really feel that this was really a proof that the modern people really want to improve on their history. You will not find many examples like the Stonehenge around the world but one thing is for sure and that is it is really priceless.

Even I today feel surprised when I realize that the people know about the universe for such a long period of time. One of the questions always comes in my mind and that is if they had the knowledge about the energy lines then they must also have the knowledge about the earths magnetic field. All these are really astounding and one can only hope that the scientists are able to find out the exact meaning of the leylines very soon.

The Stonehenge is a 2000 years old monument which was built in England. The people all around the world and especially in England are quiet in dilemma about what was the real reason behind the building of the Stonehenge. But most of the scientists are of the belief that the Stonehenge is able to define the movement of the sun and the moon.

The Stonehenge ley is around 22 miles long and is one of the oldest examples of the leyline. In the beginning the scientist cannot find the reasons why those people kept the stones like this. But afterwards they were able to find out the reason for this act.

The Stonehenge is supposed to be the oldest as well as the simplest example of monuments which are connected to astrology. This gives us the insight of the astrological knowledge of the people 2000 years ago.

The Stonehenge ley lines were being discovered by Lock year. His work was being extended by K. H. Koop. It is around 22miles long and Stonehenge is situated in the SW-NE direction.

The first of the marker is the castle ditches. This forms the southwest end of the line of which we are talking about. The sad thing about this monument is that it is undated. It is a large hilltop earthwork and the archeologists are fond of calling it a fort. One can only say that it is a must visit place. But the sad thing is that not all of the people can visit this place. However all of them can if they take the permission from Mr. C.D. Rid out.

The second marker is the Grovely Castle. Five skeletons were found in this area and all of them are quiet old and gives only one picture and that is this place is quiet old.

Then comes the Stapleford and at last came the other masterpiece about which I have talked a lot and that is the Stonehenge. If you will show some sincerity then you will definitely find that this is the perfect example of the leylines. The people are really quiet enthusiastic. People find it really difficult to find the meaning of the ley line. But it is none of your work.

There are many archeologist and now also the astrologers who are involved in finding the exact meaning of the leyline. As far you as a mere spectator are concerned, you can just make sure that you are able enjoy your visit. This place is meant for enjoyment and you should enjoy.

However the archeologist is really quiet willing to throw light on the mystery which is related to the Stonehenge leyline and they have succeeded to a greater extent as well.

Americas has archaeological proof of the earliest practiced buildings which experience less cultural upheaval as the Old World. This was reported by the survey which was carried out in past from north to south. In Ohio, between 150 BC and 500, the Hopewell Indians built geometrical earthworks which included many acres, along with straight linear features.

Archaeologists in 1995 discovered 60-mile-long, dead straight Hopewell ritual road connecting earthworks. It was revealed at Newark with the Hopewell necropolis at Chillicothe. Archaeologists in the 1930s exposed the remains of dead straight tracks and described them as almost airline running up hill and down dale without zigzags or detours. Impenetrable primitive Indian roads have been found in Utah, Colorado and Arizona.

Chaco Canyon which is regarded as centre of the Anasazi people, in the high, arid desert country in northwestern New Mexico. Chacoan roads stretch for 60 miles and there were many houses which were spread throughout the desert area surrounding Chaco Canyon.

Archaeological sites
There are several archaeological sites in Mexico containing straight road systems that are older than Chaco canyon. There are several caves or cliff faces which spread to these sites.

In the southern part of Mexico, they built long; straight roads which are called as Sacbeob.  In many Mayan ceremonial cities, these plazas are interconnected with temples. The longest known surviving sacbe is extended up to 62 miles which runs between Coba and Yaxuna in the northern part of the Yucatán peninsula. Thus it was described as a great road by Thomas Gann in 1920. It is straight as arrow and flat as a rule which makes it most remarkable as ever.

According to Mayan tradition the physical network of the sacbeob is amplified at various places by non-material, mythological routes.

• Surveys of NASA continued with the path running through mountainous rainforest of the Arenal area of Costa Rica. Such paths are straight lines despite of difficult land. These paths are dated to AD500-1200.
• The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta on the northern coast of Colombia, South America, is the territory of the Kogi Indians. This place is scattered among the forest and posses the leftovers of stone-built cities of the Taironas culture. The cities were linked by cemented roads or paths, some of these paths were straight.
• Ancient and straight roads have been found in Peru. Nazca Lines have been found along the western coast of Peru.

Thus this displays about the road features of America.

Troposphere and stratosphere are the two important layers of earth’s atmosphere. Stratosphere lies in between mesosphere and troposphere. Stratosphere has its warmer layer higher and cooler layer downwards. The border of troposphere and stratosphere is called as troposphere. Location of stratosphere is in between 10 to 50 kilometers above the surface at moderate latitudes. At the poles it starts at 8 kilometers altitude.

Temperature of stratosphere

• Stratosphere gets heated due to ultra violet radiations of the Sun.
• The temperature in this layer is recorded to be increased with the increase in altitude. Temperature of about 270 K is present on the top portion of stratosphere. This temperature lies just below the freezing point of water.
• This layer is quite stable due to presence of warmer layer upward and cooler layer downwards and there is no regular convection.
• The base of stratosphere lies where heating by conduction is caused to due ultra violet radiation and heating by convection from below take place, there is balanced maintained.
• Stratosphere commence at lower altitudes near the poles due to the lower temperature of the ground.

Fact about airlines
A commercial air flight travels along the altitude of 10 kilometers in temperature altitude thus they reaches lower to stratosphere.
Tropopuse allows the air flight to stay in any hard weather condition. it avoids atmospheric turbulence from the convection in the troposphere.
Some gliders have achieved great altitudes in the powerful thermals in thunderstorms it is very risky and unfavorable.
Gliders use lee waves from mountain ranges for achieving high altitude. Current high record is of 15,447m.

Facts about stratosphere
Stratosphere is layer of atmosphere where many radioactive, dynamical, and chemical processes take place. In this layer, rapid horizontal mixing of gaseous components takes place. Horizontal mixing is much faster than vertical mixing at this layer.
Circulation is the quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) in the tropical latitudes is amazing feature of stratospheric. This circulation is driven by gravity waves ,which are generated in tropopause. Ouasi-Biennial Oscillation  involves another circulation which is the global stratospheric transport of ozone and water vapor.
During winters in northern hemisphere sudden stratospheric warming is caused by the absorption of Rossby waves in the stratosphere.

Thus Stratosphere plays important role in maintaining the temperature above the surface of Earth.

Ley lines are alleged alignments of ancient sites or holy places, such as stone circles, standing stones, cairns, and churches. Ancient sites or holy places may be situated in a straight line ranging from one or two to several miles in length. A ley might be visible on the ground for all or part of its length by the remnants of an old straight track.

Ley Lines were re-discovered on 30 June 1921 by Alfred Watkins. While he was looking at a map for features of interest, he noticed a straight line that passed over hill tops through various points. At the time of his discovery, he noticed a whole pattern of lines stretching across the landscape. In 1925, he described his vision in a book which was titled by him as The Old Straight Track.

Facts about Ley lines

• According to Paul Devereux, it was Dion Fortune in 1936, who invented the idea about Ley lines. According to him lay lines were lines of power linking prehistoric sites. Few years later, Ley lines were suggested followed lines of cosmic energy in the Earth. And these lines could be detected using dowsing rods. In the 1960s, Ley lines became linked with UFO sightings.
• In 1969, John Michell took Ley lines within the context of geomancy. In 1974, Ley lines, geomancy, other esoteric subjects related to earth were collectively added to the “Earth Mysteries”.

Theory of Ley lines

1. Ley lines are found at most ancient monuments and sacred places along the water lines. Many ancient sites can be connected to form an incredible coincidence of interconnecting lines.
2. The Ley-line system exists as a sovereign circuitry with the ability to affect consciousness. Ley lines are part of the Earth’s energy system. Monuments serve to divulge or mark the network, making the sites more special by linking them together.
3. Ley is analogous to light illumination .This connection of the word Ley with light is significant on several levels. Physically, the clearing of tracks through the forest lights the way and marks the Ley of the land.
4. It is stated that ley lines and light are closely related. Ley lines are
5. Ley lines and light are very closely related. Ley lines are celestial forces which originate outside the Earth. They penetrate and leave the Earth vertically at nodes. And these penetrating nodes are called power centers.
6. The average length of a ley line is twenty to thirty miles, although the length can vary from only a few feet to thousands of miles. The average width of the ley line is 5. 5 feet.

Thus ley lines naturally formed and you can check the photographs of ley lines in several geography books.

The motions of Earth’s lithosphere are described in the theory of Plate tectonics. This theory includes the concept of continental drift which was introduced in mid of 20 century. Concepts of continental drift were brought by Alfred Wegener, and seafloor spreading  in 1960.

Lithosphere is present in outermost part of earth. It comprises of crust and uppermost rigid part called mantle. Asthenosphere is present above lithosphere. Asthenosphere has low viscosity and shear strength. Due to high pressure the mantle below asthenosphere is deeper.

Explanation of Plate tectonics

• The lithosphere is split into tectonic plates. There are seven major and minor plates. This plates move with respect to each other and there are three types of boundaries for these plates.
• Names of tectonic plate boundaries are as convergent, boundaries, divergent boundaries and transform boundaries.
• There is occurrence of Earthquake, volcanoes, mountain building formations along the plate boundaries.
• Movement of these plates is measured to be at speeds of 50-100 mm annually.
• Outer layers of Earth are divided into lithosphere and asthenosphere. These plates are categorized on the bases of difference in their mechanical properties and their heat transformation.
• Lithosphere is cooler than asthenosphere. By the process of conduction, heat from lithosphere gets transferred where as asthenosphere allows the transformation of heat by convection.
• Mantle is shared by both lithosphere and asthenosphere depending on the temperature and pressure of mantle.

Composition of Tectonic Plates

1. Tectonic plates consist of lithosphere mantle which is overlain by either of two crustal materials: oceanic crust and continental crust.
2. On average the thickness of oceanic lithosphere is 100 kilometers. The thickness increases with its age and hence the temperature becomes cool which results in coming it thicker.
3. Typical continental lithosphere is about 200 kilometer thick approximately. There is variation between basins, mountain ranges, and stable interiors of continents.
4. Two types of crust are different due to thickness possessed by them.

What is plate Boundary?
The place where two plate meet is called plate boundary. These boundaries are mainly associated with events like earthquakes, mountains, volcanoes, oceanic trenches. Various active volcanoes occur along the plate boundaries. Well known example of plate boundary is San Andreas Fault which is found in western part of North America along the coast.

Thus these tectonic plates are naturally present and many studies are going on to know more about their details by the scientists internationally.

Earth atmosphere contain a layer which is highly concentrated with ozone gas is called as ozone layer. The function of this layer is to absorb harmful radiation of sun thus it absorbs 96% sun’s high frequency ultraviolet light. Ozone layer is created when ultraviolet light strikes the oxygen molecules. Thus the two molecules of oxygen split into individual oxygen atoms. Thus these broken atomic oxygen molecules combine with unbroken molecule (O2) as a result ozone, O3 is created.

Thus ozone-gen cycle oxygen takes place in the stratosphere of earth. Due to result of this process ozone gets regenerated in the earth atmosphere. This process involves the transformation of ultra-violet radiation into heat energy. The chemistry involved in this process was brought in light by man of Sydney in 1930.

Function of ozone layer

• Ozone molecules absorb the ultra violet radiation. These molecules mainly absorb the rays whose wavelength lies in between 240 and 340 nm. As the result the tri-atomic molecules become dia-atomic molecule with the addition of free oxygen atom.

O3 + ultra violet radiation ? O2 + O

• The resultant oxygen atom gets reacted with the free atom to form ozone molecule.

O2 + O + M ? O3 + M

• M is denoted for the object carrying the excess energy of the reaction. The kinetic energy is formed by the combination of energy released by when O and O2.
• As a resultant, UV light gets converted into heat and there is no net loss of ozone. Thus in atmosphere ozone layer gets balanced and thus protecting the lower atmosphere from UV radiation. It is major source of heating in stratosphere
• The total balance of ozone in the stratosphere is identified by the balance between production by solar radiation and its irradiation. The erasing level of ozone is low due to low concentration of Oxygen atoms.
• Hydroxyl (OH), nitric oxide (NO), and atoms of chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br), catalyze the recombination reaction, are some of the free radical which leads to ozone layer which is thinner if catalyst are absent.
• OH and NO are present in large number in the stratosphere but the emission of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons, has greatly increased the Cl and Br concentrations. Thus causes depletion in ozone layer.

Thus ozone layer is essential for protecting earth against deadly cosmic rays of Sun.

Earth atmosphere contain a layer which is highly concentrated with ozone gas is called as ozone layer. The function of this layer is to absorb harmful radiation of sun thus it absorbs 96% sun’s high frequency ultraviolet light.

Presence of Ozone Layer

• This layer is present in the lower portion of stratosphere. It is approximately 10 km to 15 km above the Earth surface. The thickness of layer varies seasonally.
• In 1913, Ozone layer was discovered by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson. A British meteorologist G. M. B. Dobson explored the properties of ozone layer. He developed a simple spectrophotometer which was used to measure stratospheric ozone from the ground.
• Dobson established network of ozone monitoring stations all over the world between 1928 and 1958. These stations were continuously used and even today they are in use.
• Ozone layer comprises of many photochemical mechanisms which were discovered by British physicist Sidney Chapman in 1930.

Creation of ozone layer

• Ozone layer is created when ultraviolet light strikes the oxygen molecules. Thus the two molecules of oxygen split into individual oxygen atoms. Thus these broken atomic oxygen molecules combine with unbroken molecule (O2) as a result ozone, O3 is created..
• Molecule of ozone O3 is unstable and a continuous process called ozone-oxygen cycle is evolved. Hence ozone layer is created in stratosphere which is above 10 to 15 km above the surface of Earth. Total 90% of ozone layer is present in stratosphere.

Depletion of Ozone Layer

• It is said that ozone layer is depleting. It is believed that since 1970, there is decline of about 4% of total volume of ozone layer in earth stratosphere. There is also seasonal decrease in stratospheric ozone over Polar Regions. The depletion of ozone layer over Polar Regions is referred as ozone hole. Events like troposphere ozone depletion events also occur in Polar Regions during time of spring season.
• In Sweden on January 23 1978, aerosol sprays were banned. It was scientifically proved that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and bromofluorocarbons are responsible for depletion of ozone layer. And aerosol sprays contain these compounds thus their use for banned. The restriction was followed in many countries like United States, Canada, and Norway whereas European countries denied the proposal.
• CFC production was limited in 1987 and was completely banned by 1996.thus on 2 august 2003, scientist declared depletion of ozone layer become slow after restrictions over CFC, internationally.

Thus ozone layer is important to protect the earth from deadly ultraviolet rays of Sun.